1890–1946 · eight movement threads
Five times across five decades, the movement built, struck, and was broken by arrest — then rebuilt somewhere else. Every dot below is a documented action; the bars above show how often they came.
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1946
Mitra Mela Founded 1899 Abhinav Bharat Founded 1904 India House Founded 1905 Anushilan Samiti Founded 1902 (expanded from an earlier wrestling club founded by Satish Chandra Bose) Jugantar Founded 1906 Ghadar Founded 1913 Yugantar Ashram Founded 1912 Berlin India Committee Founded 1914 (approx) Provisional Government of India (Kabul) Founded 1915-12 Hindustan Republican Association Founded 1923-1924 Hindustan Republican Army Founded 1923-1924 Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Founded 1928 Naujawan Bharat Sabha Founded 1926 Indian Republican Army (Chittagong Branch) Founded 1930 (approx) Communist Party of India Founded 1920-10-17 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Founded 1925-09 (Vijaya Dashami) Hindu Mahasabha Founded 1915 Hindu Mahasabha (Japan Branch) Founded 1939 (approx) Indian Independence League Founded 1928 (Bangkok origins); formalised 1942 Indian National Army Founded 1942 Provisional Government of Free India Founded 1943-10-21 Revolutionary Socialist Party Founded 1940 Rand Assassination All three Chapekar brothers eventually executed. Kingsford Assassination Attempt (Muzaffarpur bombing) Two British women killed by mistake instead of Kingsford; Khudiram captured and hanged, Prafulla Chaki died by suicide rather than be captured. Alipore Bomb Trial Aurobindo acquitted; Barin Ghosh and Ullaskar Dutt sentenced to death, commuted to Cellular Jail transportation; many others given life sentences. Curzon Wyllie Assassination Dhingra executed at Pentonville Prison. Jackson Assassination / Nashik Conspiracy Case Kanhere executed; wider Abhinav Bharat network exposed. Chandni Chowk Bombing (Delhi Conspiracy / Hardinge Bombing) Hardinge injured, an attendant killed; Rashbehari and Biswas escaped undetected for months. Panchavati Meeting Plan formed for a mass 1857-style uprising; Aurobindo subsequently contacted in Pondicherry for his blessing. Rodda Arms Heist Fifty Mauser pistols and ammunition stolen via a disguised seventh bullock cart; weapons later used by Bagha Jatin's group and given to Sachindra Nath Sanyal by Rashbehari Bose. Singapore Mutiny Suppressed after three days of fighting, aided by Japanese naval marines; many rebel soldiers publicly executed. 1915 Pan-India Uprising Attempt Plan betrayed by mole Kirpal Singh; uncovered before execution; mass arrests, trials and executions followed across Punjab. Kabul Mission Habibullah declined to commit Afghanistan to war against Britain; mission left Kabul after a year with only polite non-committal letters. Battle of Balasore Bagha Jatin fatally wounded in a gunfight; two companions killed; two surrendered. Persian Campaign Amba Prasad died at Shiraz; Khankhoje captured, escaped, eventually withdrew with Qashqai tribal forces by 1918. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Official death toll later revised to 379 but most reliable estimates suggest around 1,000 killed. Kakori Train Robbery / Kakori Conspiracy Case Around Rs 4,600 seized; one unarmed passenger accidentally killed; Bismil, Ashfaqullah, Roshan Singh and Lahiri sentenced to death; Sanyal and Jogesh Chatterjee to transportation for life. Saunders Killing (avenging Lala Lajpat Rai) Saunders and head constable Chanan Singh killed; the three assassins escaped via DAV College. Central Legislative Assembly Bombing Non-lethal bombs thrown; both men surrendered voluntarily and were imprisoned, using the platform for propaganda. Jatin Das Hunger Strike Died after sixty-three days of fasting protesting prison conditions. Failed Viceroy's Train Bombing Explosion mistimed; viceroy unhurt though some bogies damaged. Bhagwati Charan Vohra's Death (jail-break preparation) Accidental bomb explosion during preparation for a planned jail-break to free Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt. Chittagong Armoury Raid Armoury seized but ammunition not found; rebels withdrew to Jalalabad hill and fought a pitched battle against government forces on 22 April before dispersing. Second Lahore Conspiracy Case Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru sentenced to death; others to long terms; hanged 23 March 1931. Writers' Building Attack (Battle of the Verandah) Simpson shot dead; Basu and Gupta shot themselves; Dinesh Gupta captured and later hanged. Battle of Alfred Park Azad shot himself with his last bullet rather than be captured after a prolonged gunfight. Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer O'Dwyer killed instantly; Lord Zetland and others wounded; Udham Singh executed at Pentonville. Subhas Bose's Escape from House Arrest Bose reached Berlin via Peshawar, Kabul, Soviet Central Asia and Moscow, evading a planned British assassination attempt in Istanbul by taking the northern route instead. Meeting with Hitler Hitler declined to issue a clear declaration on Indian independence or amend racist references to India in Mein Kampf. Submarine Transfer to Southeast Asia Transferred at sea between German submarine U-180 and Japanese submarine I-29 in rough seas 400 nautical miles off Madagascar. Bengal Famine of 1943 Estimated 3 million deaths from a largely policy-driven famine involving a scorched-earth 'Denial Policy', rice destruction and diverted relief. Handover of INA/IIL Leadership Rashbehari Bose formally resigned as President of the Indian Independence League and appointed Subhas Bose as his successor. Declaration of the Provisional Government of Free India Government recognised within days by Japan, Germany, Italy and several other states; given control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Imphal-Kohima Campaign Japanese-INA advance stalled at the Battle of the Tennis Court, Kohima, and Red Hill, Lokpaching; monsoon and supply failures forced a costly retreat. Moirang Flag Raising INA tricolour with springing tiger raised at Moirang Kangla, a sacred coronation site. INA Red Fort Trials All three sentenced to life, later commuted amid mass public pressure. Barindra Ghosh arrested 1908 · Arrest / imprisonment Alipore Bomb Case; commuted from death to Cellular Jail transportation. Babarao Savarkar arrested 1909 · Arrest / imprisonment Convicted and sent to the Cellular Jail. Savarkar arrested 1910 · Arrest / imprisonment Sentenced to fifty years transportation to the Cellular Jail. Sanyal arrested (first) 1915 · Arrest / imprisonment First Cellular Jail sentence, following the 1915 uprising conspiracy. Sanyal arrested (second) 1925 · Arrest / imprisonment Second Cellular Jail sentence, following the Kakori case. Jogesh Chatterjee arrested 1925 · Arrest / imprisonment Kakori Conspiracy Case; sentenced to transportation for life. Bismil, Ashfaqullah and Lahiri hanged 1927-12 · Execution Kakori Conspiracy Case verdicts carried out, over two years after the robbery itself. Bhagat Singh arrested 1929 · Arrest / imprisonment After the Central Legislative Assembly bombing; surrendered voluntarily. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru hanged 1931-03-23 · Execution Second Lahore Conspiracy Case. Surya Sen hanged 1934 · Execution Captured in February 1933, nearly three years after evading arrest post-Armoury Raid.