Joined Anushilan Samiti in 1905; was part of the group that planned the 1914 Rodda arms heist but opted out; sent by Bagha Jatin to Batavia to coordinate a 1915 German arms shipment; fled to the US then Mexico, co-founded the Communist Party of Mexico in 1919, then founded the Communist Party of India in Tashkent in 1920 on Lenin's instruction.
Contribution
Founder of Indian communism; his career demonstrates the pipeline from nationalist revolutionary to international communist.
After the movement
Fell out with Stalin, returned to India in 1930, was imprisoned; later developed his own philosophy of radical humanism and drifted from the mainstream communist movement.